Manifestaciones neuroftalmológicas de la estenosis carotídea
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Objetivo: Describir las alteraciones neuroftalmológicas que se asocian a la estenosis carotídea.
Adquisición de la evidencia: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed, Medline, Cumed, Lilacs, Google académico y SciELO. Se consultaron 61 artículos publicados en inglés y español, de 2015 a 2020, que versaban sobre las diferentes manifestaciones neuroftalmológicas de la estenosis carotídea. Los descriptores de búsqueda principales fueron: manifestaciones neuroftalmológicas AND estenosis carotídea, carotid stenosis AND epidemiology, ocular ischemic syndrome, amaurosis fugax AND carotid stenosis, optic nerve AND carotid stenosis, choroid AND carotid stenosis, retina AND carotid stenosis.
Resultados: Las manifestaciones de la insuficiencia carotídea abarcan un espectro que incluye episodios transitorios de ceguera monocular (amaurosis fugaz), retinopatía por estasis venosa y síndrome isquémico ocular. Se puede detectar la presencia de retinopatía hipertensiva asimétrica en el fondo de ojo, incluso, pequeños émbolos de colesterol o cambios vasculares. La tomografía de coherencia óptica es útil en estos casos para detectar cambios en la densidad microvascular, el grosor de la retina, el grosor coroideo y las capas de fibras nerviosas. El electrorretinograma puede ser una herramienta valiosa para la detección de la isquemia retiniana en casos asintomáticos.
Conclusiones: En la estenosis carotídea son manifestaciones frecuentes la amaurosis fugaz o el síndrome isquémico ocular, pero las alteraciones de retina, coroides o del nervio óptico pueden estar presentes en pacientes asintomáticos. Se ha demostrado que algunas herramientas como la tomografía de coherencia óptica y la angiografía retiniana son muy útiles para el diagnóstico temprano de la enfermedad.
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Referencias
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