Complicaciones quirúrgicas de la derivación ventrículo-peritoneal en niños y adolescentes hidrocefálicos
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Objetivo: Describir las complicaciones graves, leves y específicas de los niños tratados por hidrocefalia mediante derivación ventrículo-peritoneal.
Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de niños y adolescentes hasta 18 años, de ambos sexos, ingresados con diagnóstico de hidrocefalia en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente “Juan Manuel Márquez”, de enero de 2004 a diciembre de 2007. El universo fue de 538 pacientes; y la muestra, de 112, quienes tuvieron seguimiento hasta diciembre 2017. Las variables utilizadas fueron: edad, sexo, color de la piel, tiempo de seguimiento de los pacientes, causas de la hidrocefalia, sistemas derivativos utilizados, tiempo quirúrgico y las complicaciones quirúrgicas. Los resultados se presentaron resumidos en frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes.
Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino y la edad media menor de un año. Las causas más frecuentes fueron la tumoral y la secundaria a hemorragia intraventricular. Las derivaciones ventrículo-peritoneales más utilizadas fueron las válvulas de diferencia de presión (60,7%), con un índice de fallo de 66,1 %. La media del tiempo quirúrgico fue significativamente mayor en los niños que presentaron infección de la derivación ventrículo-peritoneal (56,8 minutos vs 45,5 minutos en los que no ocurrió). Presentaron en su evolución más de una complicación 75 % de los pacientes; 33 % tuvieron complicaciones graves y 64,2 % leves. Las complicaciones específicas de las derivaciones ventrículo-peritoneal, más frecuentes, fueron las mecánicas (61 %), seguidas de las neurológicas (48,2 %), y las abdominales representaron 14,7 %.
Conclusiones: La mayoría de los niños presentaron complicaciones leves (62,1 %); las mecánicas fueron las más frecuentes, seguidas de las neurológicas y las infecciosas. El índice de sepsis de la derivación ventrículo-peritoneal en nuestro estudio fue mayor al alcanzado en otros estudios internacionales, dado por una causalidad multifactorial.
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